Tinker V. Des Moines Independent Community School District

Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District, 393 U.S. 503 (1969) was a decision by the United States Supreme Court that defined the constitutional rights of students in U.S. public schools. The Tinker test is still used by courts today to determine whether a school s disciplinary actions violate students First Amendment rights.The principal of the Des Moines schools learned of the plan and met on December 14 to create a policy that stated that school children wearing an armband would be asked to remove it immediately. Violating students would be suspended and allowed to return to school after agreeing to comply with the policy. The participants decided to violate this policy. Mary Beth Tinker and Christopher Eckhardt were suspended from school for wearing the armbands on December 16 and John Tinker was suspended for doing the same on the following day. (The two youngest participants were not punished.) Mary Beth, Christopher, and John were suspended from school until after January 1, 1966, when their protest had been scheduled to end. The 1973 Roe v. Wade Supreme Court case was a major landmark in not only the abortion issue, but also in American government. In this paper I will discuss the case, including both arguments and the decision, and the significance of Roe v. Wade. I will also discuss the basis of the ruling as according to the implied right of privacy through the 14th amendment, and how the court reached that decision.In 1971 Norma McCorvey, aShow MoreRelatedTinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District Essay1583 Words   |  7 Pagesoutline if exercises of free speech and expression are constitutional or unconstitutional. One of the most paramount 1st amendment cases is that of Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District (1969). This significant case helped shape the extension of symbolic speech, as well as ensure the freedom of speech and expression to students in schools. In December 1965, a group of Iowa residents, both adults and children, gathered to discuss ways in which they could protest American involvementRead MoreCyberbullying And Tinker V. Des Moines Independent Community School District879 Words   |  4 PagesCyberbullying and Tinker Cyberbullying is prevalent in today s society due to the abundance of teenage students having access to the internet either on campus or off of campus. Bullying over the internet is thought of being done by students against students. Although this is true, there are many instances where students use the internet to voice their opinions about teachers and administrators in which the language is vulgar, lewd, and demeaning. As of 2015, all states in the UnitedRead MoreAnalysis Of The Tinker V. Des Moines Independent Community School District Essay1993 Words   |  8 Pagesworry of punishment by the government. An example of this is the Tinker V. Des Moines Independent Community School District case in the years 1968-1969. In this Supreme Court case, the Tinker family was fighting for their right to symbolic speech at school. Another case regarding Freedom of Speech at a school is Hazelwood School District V. Kuhlmeier. This case is also concerning the right to free speech at school. Free speech in school greatly affects many people. According to the National Center forRead MoreThe Tinker V. Des Moines Independent School District Decision Of 1969952 Words   |  4 PagesOne of the most well-known Supreme Cases involving student rights was the Tinker v. Des Moines Independent School District decision of 1969. The verdict quickly became a precedent for many othe r decisions involving school issues and is very relevant today. In December of 1965, students attending Des Moines Public Schools held a meeting at Christopher Eckhardt s house to conduct a plan to show their support for a truce in the ongoing Vietnam War. They resolved to wear black armbands during the holidayRead MoreTinker Vs. Des Moines1399 Words   |  6 PagesCase Name: Tinker vs. Des Moines (1969) Facts of the case: In December of 1965, a group of Des Moines students held a meeting at 16-year-old Christopher Eckhardt’s house to plan a public showing of their support for a truce in the Vietnam war. They came to the decision that they would wear black armbands during the holiday season and fast on December 16 as well as New Year’s Eve. When the principals of the Des Moines school learned about the plan, they met on December 14 to create a policy statingRead MoreFreedom of Religion and Freedom of Expression: Tinker V. Des Moines1404 Words   |  6 PagesWhat if you were suspended from school because of something you were wearing? Not only was the clothing or item appropriate, it was something you were fighting for or something you believe is right. Is this fair or okay for this to happen? There is a specific incident that this situation happened to a few teenagers in Des Moines, Iowa in December of 1965. A group of students wanting to wear black armbands throughout the holiday seas on was in for a wake up call. (FORTAS) These plans and or idea wereRead MoreStudent Code Of Conduct And Employee Handbook867 Words   |  4 Pagesalleged cyberbullying, Beaufort Country School District has taken proactive steps towards de-escalating cyberbullying in their schools. Willis was bullied on social media networks: Facebook, and Instagram, and video-sharing website YouTube. Despite her family monitoring her Internet activities neither her parents nor friends were aware she used a pseudonym on Tumblr until after her passing where repeated threats and bullying took place. Beaufort County Schools has added anti-bully prevention and conflictRead MoreCyberbullying And The First Amendment849 Words   |  4 PagesFirst Amendment This paper addresses a situation in which a student notified this author that she was being subjected to bullying through another classmate’s Facebook page. A discussion of steps required by Oregon’s statutes, the Lake Oswego School District s board policies and the student handbook, will provide a basis for examining any First Amendment arguments that the bullying has raised, with a discussion of the author s First Amendment responses consistent with applicable Supreme Court casesRead MoreThe Tinker Vs. Des Moines Case1498 Words   |  6 Pagesissues in their lives. The Tinker vs. Des Moines case helped determined and interpret legal rights of young citizens for the first time. A group of students made a decision to wear black armbands to school to support a peace establishing agreement during the Vietnam War. As a result, the participating students; Mary Beth Tinker, Christopher Eckhardt, and John Tinker got suspended for their actions (Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District).The school outlawed and attempted to penalizeRead MoreThe Battle Over The Religious Homework809 Words   |  4 PagesThe Battle Over the Religious Homework Eventually, teachers, in the public school system, will find themselves in the crosshairs in the debate over a student’s expression of religious beliefs within the classroom. What should a teacher do if a student decides to submit an essay on Jesus as their hero accompanied by a drawing of the Last Supper? Should the teacher accept the student’s submission? If so, will the assignment be displayed on the classroom wall? By investigations the students’ religious

The Effects Of Drugs And Alcohol On Pregnant Women And...

The Effects of Drugs and Alcohol on Pregnant Women and Babies When hearing about babies born addicted to drugs or babies born after being previously exposed to alcohol, most people are appalled and slightly outraged. Pregnant women who are exposed to drugs and alcohol are risking the welfare of their unborn child because most everything the mother puts in her body gets passed on to the baby either by passing through the placental barrier or the umbilical cord. Drugs are considered any substance that makes a change to the physiological aspects of the body. Some drugs that affect pregnant women include caffeine, over the counter drugs, tobacco, and illegal drugs such as cocaine or methamphetamine. Based on the definition of a drug, alcohol is considered a drug. Alcohol has many adverse side effects for pregnant women and their babies. These adverse side effects from alcohol usually stay with these babies through their lives and have lasting effects. The use of substances that are consi dered to be drugs while pregnant is advised against because of the side effects caused to the baby. However, some women choose to ignore these advisements. What Are Drugs? Drugs are any substance that alters the physiology of the body. (McKim and Hancock 2013) Drugs can range from coffee to alcohol and the substances considered over the counter drugs to illegal drugs. A large number of substances deemed to be drugs have many addictive qualities. These addictive qualities lead to chronicShow MoreRelatedA Brief Note On Drug Use On Infants1572 Words   |  7 PagesDrug Use on Newborns Many women abuse drugs whether they are pregnant or not. In both cases, many women are unaware of the consequences of what drugs can do to their body. However, for pregnant women, the situation is completely different. â€Å"Studies show that using drugs -- legal or illegal -- during pregnancy has a direct impact on the fetus† (Gaither 1). In simpler terms, drug use not only affects their own lives but also affects the lives of their unborn children. For the sake of enjoymentRead MorePregnancy and the Dangers of Drug Use1353 Words   |  6 PagesDangers of Drug Use i Pregnancy and the Dangers of Drug Use Sarah McVicker Psychology 201 Lifespan Development Professor Sally Vyain October 7, 2007 Pregnancy and the Dangers of Drug Use It is very important for a mother to lead a healthy lifestyle when she becomes pregnant. She must eat healthy, get lots of rest, and exercise regularly. It is even more imperative that she avoids things that may harm her or potentially her baby. Amongst things she must avoid, alcohol, cigarettesRead MoreWhy Pregnant Substance Abuse Should Be Treated As A Major Issue1441 Words   |  6 Pagesreasons why pregnant substance abuse should be treated as a major issue. The effects of substance abuse on the mother, fetus, and the overall pregnancy can range from none to extremely harmful. Women who use drugs during their pregnancy commonly give birth to â€Å"crack babies† or â€Å"drug babies†. These babies can have developmental disabilities or other birth defects. The mother may give birth to a premature infant, underweight infant, or even have a stillborn birth. The drug use of a pregnant woman hasRead MoreThe Effects of Alcoholism During Pregnancy Essay1097 Words   |  5 PagesThe Effects of Alcoholism During Pregnancy The hazardous dangers of alcoholism during pregnancy have been known for decades. However, even with the vast information given to pregnant mothers, with labeled warnings on every alcoholic beverage, pregnant women still continue to pick up the bottle of alcohol, continuing their journey to the destruction of their bodies and the road of dangers for the unborn child. Perhaps every person who has little to no knowledge in healthRead MoreSubstance Abuse During Pregnancy?952 Words   |  4 PagesSubstance abuse during pregnancy can range in variation from prescription drugs to non-prescription drugs to even alcohol. Substance abuse is more common during pregnancy than most people realize. This type of abuse is more common amongst pregnant women. Most the time substance abuse is hard to find in women. Pregnant women who go through substance abuse usually don’t seek any medical help. If an expecting mother uses any kind of drug it can result in many complications. Some complications that are a resultRead MoreHow Substance Abuse Negatively Affects The Baby While During1328 Words   |  6 Pagesnegatively affects the baby while during a woman’s pregnancy. Many women across the world cause complications to their unborn child when they choose to abuse substance. There are many types of substance abuse such as alcohol, tobacco, and drug abuse. Most likely when women choose to engage in these types of activities it causes harm to the child and birth defects. Long term and short term deformities and conditions are present in the child. Other factors play a part into why women abuse substance suchRead MoreMany Women Across The World Cause Complications To Their1657 Words   |  7 PagesMany women across the world cause complications to their unborn child when they choose to abuse substance. There are many types of substance abuse such as alcohol, tobacco, and drug abuse. Most likely when women choose to engage in these types of activities it causes harm to the child and birth defects. Long term and short term deformities and conditions are present in the child. Other factors play a part into why women abuse, substance such as stress, depre ssion, and mental issues. More treatmentRead MoreThe Effects Of Marijuana On Pregnant Women And On A Fetus1247 Words   |  5 Pagesresearches are educating pregnant women about the danger of cigarettes, alcohol and the potential negative effects of cigarettes, alcohol on fetus development. However, scarce research directly addresses specific effects of marijuana on pregnant women because women who use marijuana also tend to smoke cigarettes, drink alcohol and more likely to use other drugs such as cocaine and heroin. Thus, it is difficult to identify the precise effects of marijuana on pregnant women and on a fetus (LeemaqzRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legal?1269 Words   |  6 Pagesresearches educating pregnant women about the danger of cigarettes, alcohol and women are also aware of the potential negative effects of cigarettes, alcohol on fetus development. However, not many the data or research addresses specific effects of marijuana on pregnancy women because women who use marijuana also tend to smoke cigarettes and are more likely to use other drugs such as cocaine and alcohol. Thus, it is difficult to identify the precise effects of marijuana on pregnant women and fetus (LeemaqzRead MorePrenatal Development And Development Of A Fetus1591 Words   |  7 Pagesthe age and nutrition of the mother, exercise, and stress levels. On behalf of environmental factors that can have a negative effect on growth and development of the fetus, teratogens which are substances in the environment that can have a harmful effect on the development of the fetus (Stein, Kline Kharrazi, 1984) are the main environmental threats. The detrimental effects of teratogens depend on many different factors such as the amount of exposure that the fetus is in contact with, heredity, and

Role of MIS Employee Privacy Rights in the Workplace Free Essays

string(34) " course of his or her employment\." The Information Age came upon us. As a concept, or stage of human history, it suggests a number of propositions. It implies that there is more information now than ever before an indisputable claim. We will write a custom essay sample on Role of MIS: Employee Privacy Rights in the Workplace or any similar topic only for you Order Now The concept also implies that more people spend more time producing and using more information than ever before another indisputable assertion. In recent years and for the foreseeable future, organizations have been facing rapidly changing business environments which have challenged their executives (both Management Information Systems (MIS) and non-MIS) to handle issues such as downsizing, outsourcing, leveraged buyouts, strategic alliances, flexible manufacturing, just-in-time scheduling, globalization, business process re-engineering and total quality management. These environmental changes have placed demands on there MIS departments to support product innovation, new production techniques and changing organizational designs and to provide timely, high-quality information. The introduction of the Internet, e-mail, and other forms of electronic communication has revolutionized the workplace and given rise to new and improved business practices, including widespread access to information and instant communication among suppliers, customers, and employees. Management encourages employees to make full use of these new electronic tools to further the company’s business objectives and that is where Management Information Systems are employed. However, increasing use of electronic communication has spawned new forms of employee misconduct. As management responds to employee abuse of electronic communications, the tension between management fights and employee privacy fights is heightened. Management wants to be free to fully monitor electronic communications to ensure that they are used for legitimate business purposes in the company’s best interests. Employees seek to safeguard their privacy and want the freedom to use these new electronic tools for personal and business purposes. This ongoing struggle – between privacy and management fights – underlies the legal issues arising from employee e-mail and Internet use around the world. Data Analysis The extended theory founded on this core belief divides U.S. economic history into different eras, depending on the primary economic activity during the period (Duncan 1994). From colonial times until late in the 19th century, the American economy was agrarian. Then, roughly from the dawn of the 20th century through the end of the Second World War, it was preeminently a manufacturing economy. Industry especially heavy industry was the motor that drove the entire economic engine. After World War II, the American economy increasingly came to be dominated by its service sector. By the mid-1950s, more than one-half of all U.S. employment was devoted to providing services rather than to fabricating goods (Duncan 1994). The Pre-Information Age business office was supported by the hierarchical managerial system to keep track of employees and the work they produced (Dmytrenko 1992). Office equipment included information producing tools, such as typewriters and adding machines. Most of the equipment was simple, manual in operation, bulky, and noisy. Clerical staff primarily used this equipment, as they were the appointed information processors of the time. Early efforts to improve office efficiency used industrial engineering techniques, employing time and motion studies to standardize the work tasks of office support staff, and maximize the workflow through effective office design. Information management was categorized as an intensely manual recordkeeping process (Dmytrenko 1992). Filing systems (alpha and/or numeric), and cross-referenced indexes were the prevailing records management techniques employed, and to be on the safe side, offices maintained multiple copies of the same document for back-up purposes. These practices resulted in increasing demands for office space dedicated to files. The Information Age is reshaping the office of the 2000s. One source of confusion is the fact that the movements from manufacturing to services, and then to information, were of a different character than in earlier transitions. In the first place, while the transition from an agricultural to a manufacturing-based economy was marked by a decline in the number of jobs in agriculture, there has been no such diminution in the number of manufacturing jobs after the shift to a service economy. Moreover, American manufacturing currently accounts for roughly the same percentage of U.S. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) as three decades ago (Duncan 1994). Changes are taking place in the organizational structure and operations of businesses. Identifying and handling key issues in the MIS is essential for executives to support and run their organizations efficiently and effectively. The investigation of the key issues by researchers serves to enhance the understanding of the concerns of executives and suggest relevant areas of investigation by management researchers. Employers are concerned that their employees are spending a considerable amount of time on the Internet, browsing and sending e-mails regarding subjects that are totally unrelated to their job duties during work hours. In addition to harming productivity, employee access to the Internet creates more opportunities for employees to engage in virtually unprotected speech that could create liability for the employees and their employers. Most worrisome is the possibility that computers are used to download pornography or materials offensive to minorities which may then be distributed around the office in electronic attachments or printed and viewed by groups of employees. Such conduct could in turn lead to harassment complaints by employees. The widespread and rapid distribution of offensive or discriminatory material can poison a work environment and may also give rise to criminal charges. The ability of employees to transfer company information via e-mail that does not have sufficient confidentiality protection, such as a nondisclosure agreement, to outsiders puts that information at risk of losing its status as a trade secret and puts the employer at a distinct disadvantage with the loss of information. Employers might wish to discipline or discharge employees who jeopardize company proprietary information. The Internet also contains content protected by copyright or other proprietary fights, opening up the potential for direct, vicarious, or contributory copyright infringement liability claims against employers should the information be downloaded and utilized without the proper authority. At common law, the employer is vicariously liable for torts committed by an employee in the course of his or her employment. You read "Role of MIS: Employee Privacy Rights in the Workplace" in category "Essay examples" Therefore, the doctrine attaches to the employer’s responsibility for the tortuous conduct of the employee without the existence of fault on the part of the employer. However, this doctrine does not absolve the employee from liability for tortuous conduct, and the employer may, in fact, claim an indemnification against the employee for moneys paid to a third party due to vicarious responsibility. For these reasons, many employers have begun monitoring employees’ use of e-mall and the Internet which raises issues related to the employee’s fight to privacy and about the new privacy legislation. It is becoming more commonplace for inappropriate and illegal Internet usage to be the determining factor in employee discipline and dismissals in unionized settings. The only question to be determined now is whether the inappropriate e-mails and Internet usage are just cause for dismissal. Arbitrators weigh each fact situation to determine the extent of the disciplinary offense and the appropriateness of management responses in the context of the collective agreement. Although e-mail is likely included in the definition of â€Å"telecommunication,† the real issue lies in whether or not e-mail monitoring on a computer desktop or server falls within the definition of â€Å"intercept.† Due to the way that e-mail is transmitted, it is unlikely that it could be intercepted as defined in the Criminal Code. â€Å"Intercept† means interference between the place of origin and the place of destination of the communication (Rasky, 1998). E-mail is transmitted from one computer through (usually) two Internet Service Providers onto a network server, and once that is complete so is the transmission. Consequently, the e-mail is simply just waiting to be retrieved by the recipient from the network. As a result, an employer that views a message which has been sent and saved onto a company’s server is not really intercepting the message within the meaning of the Criminal Code (Coon and Cocker, 2001). There is no definitive ruling on who owns the e-mail in the issue of e-mail sent or received by an employee via his or her employer’s computer system. This could be argued in two ways. One view is that e-mail sent or received in this context is property of the employer, to which an employee maintains no reasonable expectation of privacy. Thus, a search of e-mail in the workplace is really nothing more than a search of an employer’s property (Rasky, 1998, p. 221). A second perspective is to view sent or received e-mail as the property of the employee. Employers assign employees e-mail addresses and allow employees to have e-mail passwords. Thus, this approach suggests that employees have a reasonable expectation of privacy in their workplace e-mail (Mclsaac, 2000, p. 2-86). The courts to date have not specifically addressed the issue of e-mail privacy within the workplace, although it was held in R. v. Weir (1998) that an individual’s home e-mail via the Internet â€Å"ought to carry a reasonable expectation of privacy.† Therefore, as Internet and e-mail monitoring becomes more commonplace in the workplace, the only deterrent to employers may be couched in terms of the new privacy legislation and the required consent that will be required of an employee when an employer wishes to monitor. The focus would then be shifted to one of the reasonableness of the substance of implementation of the consent and monitoring policy along with the various factors inherent in that implementation such as the notice given to the employee of the search policy, the clarity of the policy, and the fairness of the administration of the policy (McIsaac, 2000, p. 2-87). Conclusion The Information Age suggests that the role of information is more important in the economy than ever before, and that information is replacing some earlier â€Å"fuel† of the American economy (Duncan 1994). These days the primary problem for most organizations and their employees is not the shortage of data but being able to evaluate what is useful and what is not, where to find the good stuff, and then how to use it effectively. The rapidly increasing use of Internet and e-mail in the workplace has introduced complicated issues related to the areas of potential liability of employers arising from the improper use of the Internet and e-mail by employees, as well as creating numerous privacy issues which must soon be addressed by all employers – union and nonunion. If employers specify and disseminate clear and concise e-mail and Internet use policies, they will be able to significantly reduce the risk associated with employee misconduct in this area. Not only should the policies be clear and concise, but they should also be communicated to the employees in such a fashion that all employees understand the policy and the consequences of breaching that policy. Employers can be concerned that their investments and MIS tools are being misused by employees, but at the same time clear communication and respect for the fights of employees and their privacy will encourage a positive, healthy work environment along with a decreased risk for potential liability for all parties involved. We agree that the Canadian Courts and arbitrators will need to make a concerted effort to understand the new technology and the various problems that arise as a result of that technology and then strike a balance between employee fights to engage in concerted activities vs. employer property and entrepreneurial fights. References Coon, Kevin Jonathan Cocker. (2001) Legal Issues of E-mail and Internet Access in the Workplace. Internet and E-Commerce Law in Canada 1. January 2001: 81-87 Duncan, Joseph W., (1994) The Information Age on Shaky Foundations, Challenge, 05775132, Jan/Feb94, Vol. 37, Issue 1 Mclsaac, Barbara. (2000). Law of Privacy in Canada. Scarborough: Carswell. Rasky, Holly L. (1998). Can an Employer Search the Contents of Its Employees’ E-mail? 220 Advocates Quarterly 20: 221-28 Dmytrenko, April, L., (1992) The information age has arrived or `much ado about everything’, Records Management Quarterly, 10502343, Oct92, Vol. 26, Issue 4          Case: R. v. Weir (1998) 213 A.R. 285 (Q.B.)       How to cite Role of MIS: Employee Privacy Rights in the Workplace, Essay examples

The Attitude of Andy Warhol Essay Example For Students

The Attitude of Andy Warhol Essay Warhol introduced society to a new kind of art that is now being agonized as real art, he pushed to boundaries and so called standards to the traditional ways. Whorls first major display of pushing the boundaries was in 1948 at an art show given by the Pittsburgh Associated Artists his painting that he submitted was titled The Broad Gave Me My Face but Can Pick My Own Nose, one judge thought it was excellent and another thought it was vulgar and coarse. It hung in the Direct section hut drew a huge crowd of admiring students. From that he felt that he was ready to take on the art scene in New York. Whorls approach to the modern way of art was mass production of everyday items. He was very successful as a commercial artist but was not considered a Dread artist, Andy wanted his art to look impersonal and mechanical. He discovered the use to silkscreen and how it produced slight mistakes and unevenness in his repetitive style of art. He produced his most famous pieces of art after he found silkscreen, he was on an inspirational high. He produced the Campbell Soup Can series in 1962 and the more famous prints of Marilyn Monroe in 1964. To expand Ands finances, Fred Hughes encouraged him to concentrate on his paintings. Ands Swiss dealer, Bruno Fishmonger, thought Andy should Anita series on a world leader for an exhibit at his gallery. He suggested Albert Einstein. Andy thought that Chairman Mao, the dictator of China, would be a better choice. Ive been reading so much about Chinaware only picture they ever have is Of Mao Sedona. Its great. It looks like a p. 117 price of pop) Bruno insisted that on one, especially Americans, would but them, since Mao was a Widely hated communist. As usual Andy stuck to his instincts and set out to silkscreen a set of prints, line drawings, and paintings of the Chinese leader. Mao symbolized power over the lives Of billions Of people. Although. F Andy had lived in communist China during the Cultural Revelation, he most likely would have been imprisoned. Mao suppressed creativity, especially in the arts, But Andy felt sure that capitalist American collectors would find the images of Chairman Mao, both alien and familiar at the same time, irresistible, Based on the official photograph of Mao, the portraits were done in a freer brushstroke than previous paintings, with a looser background to color over which the image was printed, guy adding lines around the face for emphasis, Warhol tried to make Mao as glamorous as his portraits to Marilyn. He also reduced a series of Mao wallpaper similar to the Cow Wallpaper at Galleria Lean Assonated, Paris in 1365. Warhol emphasized the hand-painted part of his work, stressed the brush stoke at the cost of the printing technique, by partially integrating oil painting into his silkscreen pictures and played down the mechanical effect. But the subject of this series of portraits was taken from the official photograph print of the almighty Para leader, which hung on every Chinese wall. But the studies differ from one another in color as well as in compositions and the selection of detail. By means of a lighter colored aground and the contrast Of colors generates a kind Of halo.